By Claudio Nicolini (auth.)
Since the early instances of the Greek philosophers Leucippus and Democritus, and later of the Roman thinker Lucretius, an easy, primary concept emerged that introduced the existence sciences into the area of the actual sciences. Atoms, after a variety of interactions, have been assumed to procure reliable configurations that corresponded both to the residing or to the inanimate international. this straightforward and unitary thought, which has developed in successive steps to our current time, remarkably maintained its validity regardless of a number of centuries of different vicissitudes, and is the root of recent biophysics. a few of the contemporary advancements of this old notion are the invention of the direct dating among spatial constructions and chemical job of such molecules as methane and benzene, and the later discovery of the third-dimensional constitution of double-helical DNA, and of its courting with organic task. the connection among the constitution of assorted macromolecules and the functionality of dwelling cells used to be the most amazing developments of recent technological know-how, got by means of the cooperation of physicists, chemists, mathematicians, engineers, biologists, and physicians. This crossing of the existence and actual sciences has given upward push to new and fascinating frontiers, and to a brand new synthesis the place there's a widespread interconnection of workmanship, and the place there's an alternate of roles between commonly separated tender and tough sciences. no matter if wisdom remains to be transmitted to new generations inside univer sities as separate disciplines, new wisdom is bought this day within the laboratory by means of really interdisciplinary teams.
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Example text
Chromatin fibers that emerge as loops from the skeleton would be constrained and modulated by the network of proteins in the nuclear matrix. , 1984b) to test which component, either chromatin or the protein matrix, controls the shrinking and swelling of the overall nuclear volume. If changes in chromatin structure are simply a consequence of changes in nuclear volume controlled by modifications in the nuclear matrix (whose protein aggregation and network contraction are also dependent on ion concentration), selective removal of DNA by DNase I should not affect the shape and volume of the nuclei.
Quinternary Structure The folding and unfolding that occurs in the giant chromatin-DNA molecule never propagates along the entire length, but remains confined to narrow regions of about 460 nm or longer, and limited by fixed points (Figure 1-7) identified as irregular pieces of "nuclear membrane" that are attached along the chromatin fiber. , nuclear envelope) to which chromatin fibers are linked, and which is broken during the swelling of the nucleus. 0 M NaCI (Berezney and Coffey, 1977). , 1976), since A-T polymers have been shown in the past to bind strongly to the "resistant" nonhistone chromosomal proteins (Patel and Thomas, 1973).
Nonhistone proteins are unaffected (Lebkowski and Laemmli, 1982a, b), which points to a critical role for the nuclear envelope, at least in providing the major DNA-binding proteins for the chromosome scaffolds. , 1983a) (Figure 1-7). 2. Nuclear Matrix and Control of Nuclear Volume When isolated rat liver nuclei are sequentially extracted in the presence of a low concentration of magnesium, 2 M NaCI detergent, or nucleases, the result is a structure that is depleted of histone, phospholipid, and nucleic acid.