By Lloyd Rodwin, Robert M. Hollister
Curious in regards to the photos of the town which have been evolving within the various social sciences, we did what teachers usually do in any such situa 1 tion: we manage a seminar on "Images of town within the Social Sciences." From the beginning, we counted at the aid of experts in different fields to pursue their pursuits. Of the people who agreed to take part, all yet got here from the us, and their analyses, generally, replicate the adventure of Western nations and the U.S.. In our formal directions to our collaborators, we took fi>r granted number of pictures of the town may be discovered or inferred of their fields of craftsmanship. We requested them to spot those photos and their services, to provide an explanation for how and why they've got replaced over the years, and to narrate those photographs to the special highbrow traditions and techniques-analytical or otherwise-in their respective fields. The definition of photograph used to be left to the judgment of the participants.
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Castells (who thought that it existed to provide "collective consumption" in areas where the market had failed-for instance, in popular housing). 31 The theory of the State is now perhaps the central 29Dear and Scott, p. 4. ' 9-10. 3ILokjine, Le Marxisme, l'etat et la question urbaine (Paris: PUF, 1977); Castells, The Urban Question (London: Edward Arnold, 1977 [1972)), and City, Class and Power (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1978). GEOGRAPHY: IMAGES OF THE CITY 33 concern of Marxist urban geographers, as is well seen in the essays in the symposium by Dear and Scott.
11 Megalopolis: The Urbanized Northeastern Seaboard of the United States (New York: Twentieth Century Fund, 1961). 12Johnston, Geography and Geographers, Chapter 3. , pp. 43-44, 63; M. Los, "Some Reflections on Epistemology, Design and Planning Theory," in Urbanization and Urban Planning in Capitalist Society, ed. M. Dear and A. Scott (London and New York: Methuen, 1981). 10 P. 26 PETER HALL They argued that the central task of geography was not the differentiation of the earth's surface, as Hartshorne had argued, but the search for underlying laws governing the distribution of certain features on the space of the earth.
But at that point, the resemblance stops. The basic engine driving the Marxist geographers' city is the constantly changing international, national, and regional division of labor. Newly industrializing countries undermine the traditional economic bases of older nations and regions. In the latter, skilled workers in declining industries lose their jobs and end up in unskilled service occupations. Entrepreneurs react to the threat of competition by closing older innercity plants and concentrating production in rural areas, where unionization is weaker and wages are lower.