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By Mansoor Niaz
The aim of this booklet is to reconstruct historic episodes and experiments which have been very important in clinical growth, and to discover the function performed by way of controversies and rivalries between scientists. even though development in technological know-how has been replete with controversies, scientists themselves both forget about or just downplay their position. Such shows lack the appreciation of the dynamics of ‘science-in-the-making’. This booklet presents methodological instructions - according to a ancient point of view of philosophy of technology- that facilitate an knowing of old episodes past that of inductive generalizations. those instructions recommend that growth in technology isn't purely in accordance with the buildup of experimental information, yet particularly depending on the inventive mind's eye of the clinical neighborhood. This paintings indicates that interpretation of experimental info is hard and unavoidably results in replacement models/theories therefore facilitating the knowledge of technological know-how as a human enterprise.
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Lakatos (1974) is critical of both Popper and Grünbaum for overestimating the negative result of the experiment. Such positivist presentations emphasize the importance of empirical data (Petzoldt’s facts) with little concern for the circumstances that facilitated data (context of discovery), and recognizing only the logical analysis of the completed theory (context of justification). This tension between the logical and constructive aspects of a theory was explained by Einstein himself in eloquent terms at a ceremony to honor Michelson: “There is, of course, no logical way leading to the establishment of a theory, but only groping constructive attempts controlled by careful consideration of factual knowledge” (reproduced in Holton, 1969a, p.
Issues related to falsificationism, refutation, confirmation, and verification have been hotly debated by philosophers of science. According to Giere (1988): “Lakatos turned Popper’s falsificationist methodology on its head. For Popper, confirmations count for little; refutations are what matter. For Lakatos, refutations count for little; confirmations are what matter” (p. 39). Furthermore, according to Lakatos (1970, p. , confirmations) do not verify a program but rather show its heuristic/ explanatory power.
According to Lakatos (1970, p. ” Given the difficulties involved in interpreting experiments, Lakatos (1974), in general, is quite skeptical of the role of crucial experiments in theory construction. Baconian “Inductive Ascent” From about the middle of the nineteenth century spectroscopists had generated considerable amount of experimental data for atomic spectra, including hydrogen line spectrum. Johann Jacob Balmer (1825–1898), a Swiss school teacher, published an article in 1885 that was to have important implications for spectroscopic research and atomic theory (Balmer, 1885).