By Matthys Levy
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W hen one pla te push es up suddenly against another at the bottom of the sea, the shock also pushes up a mo und of water. As th e mound settles down, a wa ve called a tsunami (after th e J apanese wo rd f or “se ashore villa ge wave”) moves out in all directions on the surface of the ocean, like the waves that radiate from a pebble thrown into a pond. Generating a Tsunami You can reproduce this ocean phenomenon the next time you take a bath in the tub. You’ll Need ᭤ bathtub 1. Fill a bathtub with water.
Stretch a Slinky across a table as you did in the previous experiment. 2. While your friend holds one end of the Slinky steady, wiggle your end to the right and left horizontally. 3. Watch as a pack of Slinky rings moves to the left and right while the wave moves along the length of the Slinky. The wave you observed this time is called a shear wave (sometimes abbreviated S wave) or a transverse wave. Earthquake Messages The f ocus of an e arthquake emits bo th pressure and sh ear waves, bo th of which are call ed body waves (presumably be cause they originate in the body of the earth).
47 48 EARTHQUA K ES, VOLCANOES, AND TSUNAMIS 2. Cut in the middle of the bottom edges two narrow horizontal slots a little more than 50 millimeters (2 inches) wide, and slide through the paper strip you have prepared. 3. Pierce a hole through the center of the top cover of a plastic or cardboard cup and another at the bottom of the cup. Push a pencil, point down, through the two holes. Remove the cover and fill the cup with sand so that the pencil stands vertical. 4. Thread the string through two holes near the top of opposite sides of the cup.