By Benjamin Crowell
The sunshine and topic sequence of introductory physics textbooks is designed for the kind of one-year survey direction taken via biology majors. issues contain: electrical energy and the Atom, The Nucleus, Circuits, Fields of strength, Electromagnetism, Capacitance and Inductance
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M / An alpha particle must be headed for the ring on the front of the imaginary cylindrical pipe in order to produce scattering at an angle between 19 and 20 degrees. The area of this ring is called the “cross-section” for scattering at 19-20 ◦ because it is the cross-sectional area of a cut through the pipe. 50 Chapter 2 The Nucleus In fact, the numerical ratio of the two nuclei’s charges can be derived from this same experimentally determined ratio. Using the standard notation Z for the atomic number (charge of the nucleus divided by e), the following equation can be proved (example 1): 2 Zgold 2 Zcopper = number of alphas scattered by gold at 19-20 ◦ number of alphas scattered by copper at 19-20 ◦ By making such measurements for targets constructed from all the elements, one can infer the ratios of all the atomic numbers, and since the atomic numbers of the light elements were already known, atomic numbers could be assigned to the entire periodic table.
By 1909, Rutherford was an established professor, and had students working under him. For a raw undergraduate named Marsden, he picked a research project he thought would be tedious but straightforward. It was already known that although alpha particles would be stopped completely by a sheet of paper, they could pass through a sufficiently thin metal foil. Marsden was to work with a gold foil only 1000 atoms thick. (The foil was probably made by evaporating a little gold in a vacuum chamber so that a thin layer would be deposited on a glass microscope slide.
At this point Becquerel still believed that the uranium atoms were absorbing energy from light and then gradually releasing the energy in the form of the mysterious rays, and this was how he presented it in his first published lecture describing his experiments. Interesting, but not earth-shattering. But he then tried to determine how long it took for the uranium to use up all the energy that had supposedly been stored in it by light, and he found that it never seemed to become inactive, no matter how long he waited.