By Melissa L. Jarrell
Jarrell examines print information media insurance of federal consequences assessed opposed to the petroleum refining undefined. whereas there are numerous federal petroleum refining violations, just a restricted quantity obtain media consciousness. This loss of media insurance means that this crime is taken into account less significant regardless of the damage to the surroundings and human wellbeing and fitness produced by means of petroleum refining violations. loss of awareness via the inside track media could lead to public false impression and lack of information of the motives and results of environmental crime. Jarrell means that criminologists develop into extra interested by public discourse through the mainstream mass media. furthermore, criminologists may still undertaking to aid neighborhood groups in activist efforts.
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Extra resources for Environmental Crime and the Media: News Coverage of Petroleum Refining Industry Violations (Criminal Justice)
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The Mass Media and Corporate Crime Several researchers have estimated that the costs of corporate crime in terms of direct financial costs to consumers exceeds $2 billion annually (Clinard and Yeager, 1980; Kappeler et al, 1996; Simon and Eitzen, 1993). Despite the enormous costs associated with corporate crime, the media generally ignores or underestimates the costs of corporate crime (Hills, 1987; Kappeler et al, 1996; Reiman, 1998). Additionally, a large number of studies have suggested that the human costs in terms of death and injuries due to corporate crime are greater than those associated with street crime (Bierne and Messerschmidt, 1991; Clinard and Yeager, 1980; Frank and Lynch, 1992; Kappeler et al, 1996; Michalowski, 1985; Reiman, 1998).
In addition to causing a plethora of human health problems, exposure to pollutants generated by petroleum refineries causes a great deal of worry and fear among residents living near petroleum refining operations. The decline in domestic crude oil output over the past decade has led to the demand for opening up additional areas for exploration and production. There is a great deal of controversy surrounding oil exploration in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge in Alaska. According to a National Academy of Sciences report (2003), since oil was discovered, the environment has been substantially damaged due to refining operations.
Compliance and Enforcement Data: ECHO The data used in the present study were collected from the EPA’s Enforcement and Compliance History Online (ECHO) system. ECHO supplies compliance and enforcement data for over 800,000 regulated facilities nationwide and includes information pertaining to permits, inspections, violations, enforcement actions, and penalty information covering the past two years. ECHO data includes violations of the Clean Air Act (CAA) for stationary sources, the Clean Water Act (CWA) for facilities with direct discharge permits (under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System, NPDES), and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) which includes information on generators/handlers of hazardous waste.