By Pietro Ferraro, Simonetta Grilli, Paolo De Natale
This ebook bargains with the newest achievements within the box of ferroelectric area engineering and characterization at micro- and nano-scale dimensions and sessions. The booklet collects the consequences bought within the final years by way of international medical leaders within the box, therefore delivering a sound and designated assessment of the state of the art and in addition a view to destiny functions of these engineered and used fabrics within the box of photonics. the second one version covers the key facets of ferroelectric area engineering and combines simple learn and newest up-to-date functions resembling tough effects through introducing both new in addition to prolonged chapters on Photonics Crystals in line with Lithium Niobate and Lithium Tantalate crystals; new release, visualization and controlling of THz radiation; most modern achievements on Optical Parametric Oscillators for program in designated spectroscopy. additional newer developments in characterization by way of probe scanning microscopy and optical equipment with machine and technological orientation. A state of the art file on periodically poled strategies and their characterization tools are supplied on varied fabrics (LiNbO3, KTP) furnishing replace learn on ferroelectric crystal by way of extending fabrics examine and purposes.
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Hermann, W. Sohler, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 24, 1012–1015 (2006) V. Foglietti, E. Cianci, D. Pezzeta, C. Sibilia, M. Marangoni, R. Osellame, R. Ramponi, Microelectron. Eng. S. Y. K. H. Yoon, Opt. Mater. W. Chong, A. P. W. Austin, Appl. Surf. Sci. 201(1–4), 196–203 (2002) L. X. C. Chong, IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 16, 1337–1339 (2004) 1 Micro-Structuring and Ferroelectric Domain 19 17. S. W. Ross, L. A. W. Eason, Electron. Lett. 36, 1801– 1803 (2000) 18. K. J. M. Loiacono, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 27, 983 (1966) 19.
This becomes the source of domain irregularity and broadening in the 2D periodically poled device. In comparison, for the case of flat ferroelectric surface but embedded a 2D positively charged parabola as shown in Fig. 1Ec . In addition, the field line of Ex,y in Fig. 4(b) characteristically points in an outward direction with respect to the charged parabola, resembling its 1D counterpart shown in Fig. 2. Such a group of distributed potentials indeed form confinement barriers that block lateral current flow and offer a mechanism to inhibit lateral motion of the inverted domain.
This is more obvious in the higher magnification images shown in Fig. 7(c), (d). This transformation of the shape of the etched feature can be attributed to a lateral etching taking place simultaneously with the vertical etching process (along the z direction). Since the lateral etching is not pronounced after brief etching we can conclude that it is much slower than the primary etching along the z direction. Lateral etching is also not uniform because if it was, the cross section of the etched structures would tend to become circular rather than triangular.