Fib Bulletin 35 is the 1st bulletin to submit documentation from an fib brief path. those classes are held around the world and canopy complicated wisdom of structural concrete more often than not, or particular subject matters. they're equipped via fib and given by way of across the world well-known specialists in fib, usually supplemented with neighborhood specialists lively in fib. they're according to the data and services from fib's ten Commissions and approximately fifty activity Groups.
fib Bulletin 35 offers the path fabrics constructed for the quick direction "Retrofitting of Concrete constructions via Externally Bonded FRP, with emphasis on Seismic Applications", given in Ankara and Istanbul in June 2005. The direction drew on services either from open air Turkey and from the big pool of neighborhood specialists in this subject.
In such a lot nations of the area, the development inventory is getting older and wishes non-stop upkeep or fix. in addition, the vast majority of latest structures are poor within the gentle of present wisdom and layout codes. the matter of structural deficiency of latest buildings is principally acute in seismic areas, as, even there, seismic layout of constructions is comparatively contemporary. The direct and oblique charges of demolition and reconstruction of structurally poor buildings are usually prohibitive; additionally they entail a considerable waste of common assets and effort. for that reason, structural retrofitting is turning into more and more common during the world.
Externally bonded Fibre bolstered Polymers (FRPs) are speedily changing into the means of selection for structural retrofitting. they're purifier and more uncomplicated to use than traditional retrofitting thoughts, lessen disruption to the occupancy and operation of the power, don't generate particles or waste, and decrease wellbeing and fitness and coincidence risks on the building website in addition to noise and pollution within the surroundings.
fib Bulletin 35 provides cutting-edge assurance of retrofitting via FRPs and provides proper provisions from 3 fresh standardisation milestones: EN 1998-3:2005 "Eurocode eight: layout of buildings for earthquake resistance - half three: review and retrofitting of buildings", the 2005 Draft of the Turkish seismic layout code, and the Italian regulatory record CNR-DT 200/04, "Instructions for layout, Execution and keep an eye on of Strengthening Interventions via Fibre-Reinforced Composites" (2004).
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Additional info for FIB 35: Retrofitting of concrete structures by externally bonded FRPs, with emphasis on seismic applications
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Rate of deterioration of glass fibres in alkaline environment is highly dependent on the type of fibres. Aramid fibres may also suffer deterioration in alkaline environment, however, to a less degree than glass fibres and may depend on the actual fibre product (Uomoto and Nishimura, 1999). Decrease in tensile capacity can be 25-50 percent (Rostásy, 1997). Alkaline environment can deteriorate links between molecules of resins. Similarly to the resistance against water absorption the alkaline resistance of vinyl ester resins is the best while epoxy and polyester resins can give sufficient and poor resistance, respectively (Machida, 1993).
M &' # + k 2 $$ lud !! % f cd " (6) n (7) where k1, k2, m and n are empirical constants. For circular cross sections of diameter D the ultimate confining stress (at failure of the jacket) equals ! lud = 2 t f f fde D fib Bulletin 35: Retrofitting of concrete structures by externally bonded FRPs (8) 25 where tf is the thickness of the jacket. For rectangular cross sections ! lud may be taken (approximately) as the mean confining stress in each direction (Figure 25), which depends on the confinement effectiveness factor ': ó lud = ( lud , b + ( lud , d 2 2t (b + d )t f 1 ' 2t $ = % !
And Laourdekis, T. (2006), Concrete confinement with textile reinforced mortar (TRM) jackets, ACI Structural Journal, accepted for publication. Triantafillou, T. C. and Papanicolaou, C. G. (2006), Shear strengthening of RC members with textile reinforced mortar (TRM) jackets, Materials and Structures, RILEM, accepted for publication. Winistoerfer, A. and Mottram, T. (1997), The future of pin-loaded straps in civil engineering applications. In Recent Advances in Bridge Engineering, Proceedings of the US-Canada-Europe Workshop on Bridge Engineering, ed.