By Junqiao Wu, Jinbo Cao, Wei-Qiang Han, Anderson Janotti, Ho-Cheol Kim
Metal oxides and especially their nanostructures have emerged as animportant classification of fabrics with a wealthy spectrum of homes and greatpotential for equipment purposes. during this e-book, contributions from leadingexperts emphasize easy actual homes, synthesis and processing, and thelatest functions in such components as strength, catalysis and information garage. Functional steel Oxide Nanostructuresis an important reference for any fabrics scientist or engineer with aninterest in steel oxides, and especially in fresh development in defectphysics, pressure results, solution-based synthesis, ionic conduction, and theirapplications.
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The results indicate that oxygen vacancies are deep rather than shallow donors and cannot cause conductivity [16–19]. Recent studies indicate that unintentional impurities are most likely the source of the observed unintentional conductivity in oxides [4, 5, 19–26]. Most growth techniques introduce impurities through the sources or as contaminants; even in ultrahigh vacuum, impurities such as hydrogen are present at high enough levels to incorporate in sizable concentrations in materials in which their solubility is high [22].
In both forms, interstitial and substitutional, hydrogen has been predicted to act as shallow donor in these materials. These findings are quite unexpected and have important technological implications, and have been confirmed in the case of ZnO. More experiments need to be performed in the case of SnO2 and TiO2. 32 A. Janotti et al. We also would like to emphasize that hydrogen is by no means the only shallow donor impurity that can be unintentionally incorporated; many other impurities may act as shallow donors, such as those on the right (n-type) side (in the Periodic Table of Elements) of the element being substituted, although it is quite unlikely that they are present in all growth or annealing environments.
B 66, 165205 (2002) 29. : Structure and stability of O-H donors in ZnO from high-pressure and infrared spectroscopy. Phys. Rev. B 72, 113201 (2005) 30. : Dominant hydrogen-oxygen complex in hydrothermally grown ZnO. Phys. Rev. B 71, 035205 (2005) 31. : Hydrogen local modes and shallow donors in ZnO. Phys. Rev. B 72, 195211 (2005) 32. : Identification of two hydrogen donors in ZnO. Phys. Rev. B 79, 165210 (2009) 33. : Calibrating dipolar interaction in an atomic condensate. Phys. Rev. B 82, 193201 (2010) 34.