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For G These chores are not higher mathematics; instead, they are part of learning what may be seen as a revised language. While learning a new language, it is not wise to start with a patois that lacks the sophistication of a well-developed medium of communication. In electromagnetic theory, too many have settled for a patois. In the following we adhere, as much as possible, to notational stipulations adopted by Schouten [4] to give due attention to cited distinctions in transformation behavior.

Those who doubt the physical existence of such an effect are referred to experiments performed by Kennard [33] and Pegram [34]. The so-called Kennard–Pegram– effect is hereby identified as a cause of the Sagnac effect [12]. The question of whether or not the free-space constitutive tensor indeed shares with the Riemann–Christoffel tensor the condition χ [λνσ κ] = 0, (42) has been a point of fairly recent discussion, in reference to the so-called nonreciprocal biisotropic materials [35-36]. Whereas Sihvola takes the position that χ [λνσ κ] can be nonzero, Lakhtakia and Weiglhofer hold it to be identically zero [37-38].

For the better part of a century—from Sommerfeld, Heisenberg and Schrödinger to the present day—the Hamilton–Jacobi procedure has been hailed as the cradle from which modern quantum mechanics arose. In the process of considering the next step of a quantum electrodynamics, the question presented itself: what would be a natural electrodynamic analog or counterpart of Hamilton–Jacobi mechanics? Since no believable candidate presented itself, the ensuing quantum electrodynamics came to be a discipline founded on Cartesian field concepts [26-27].