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Formation Processes of the Mid-Latitude Trough— Geomagnetically Active Periods During geomagnetically active periods, the detailed morphology of troughs becomes much more difficult to predict, although the physics remains essentially the same. The basic differences are that the cross-polar cap electric field is usually increasing, and the auroral oval is expanding. The fundamental problem is that the spatial and temporal variations of critical processes, particularly the electric fields, are not sufficiently well known to allow accurate modeling to be undertaken.
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