By Ela Greenberg
From the overdue 19th century onward, women and men in the course of the heart East mentioned, debated, and negotiated the jobs of younger women and girls in generating glossy countries. In Palestine, women' schooling used to be pivotal to discussions approximately motherhood. Their schooling used to be visible as having the capability to remodel the relatives in order that it may well meet either smooth and nationalist expectancies. Ela Greenberg deals the 1st learn to ascertain the schooling of Muslim women in Palestine from the tip of the Ottoman management throughout the British colonial rule. depending upon large archival resources, reliable experiences, the Palestinian Arabic press, and interviews, she describes the adjustments that happened in women' schooling in this time. Greenberg describes how neighborhood Muslims, usually portrayed as detached to women' schooling, truly replied to the inadequacies of current executive schooling by way of sending their daughters to missionary colleges regardless of spiritual tensions, or through developing their very own inner most nationalist associations. Greenberg indicates that contributors of all socioeconomic sessions understood the triad of women' schooling, modernity, and the nationalist fight, as trained ladies might develop into the "mothers of day after today" who might bring up nationalist and sleek little ones. whereas this used to be the purpose of a few of the faculties in Palestine, now not all knowledgeable Muslim ladies this direction, as a few used their schooling, no matter if it used to be uncomplicated at top, to turn into academics, nurses, and activists in women's corporations.
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Joseph Sisters of the Rosary Sisters of Zion Sisters of Charity Sisters of St. Joseph Sisters of St. Joseph Sisters of St. Joseph Sisters of St. Joseph Sisters of St. Joseph 220 150 250 210 110 20 187 20 395 445 110 220 70 250 X 150 150 60 X 150 X 120 272 X X X German Catholics Talitha Kumi Schmidt’s College German orphanage X X 30 118 X 34 English, intermediate English, primary English English English English Tabeetha Unspecified Protestant Unspecified Protestant X X X X X X X X X 98 83 150 70 150 30 69 60 60 School Sources: Data for 1896 from Cuinet, Syrie Liban et Palestine; Data for 1900/1901 from Salname nezaret-i maʿarifi ʿumumiye, 1321 (1903).
As Pollard has shown in the case of Egypt, the family and domestic life had become central to the discourse about education in British-ruled Egypt, just as it had in late Ottoman Palestine. The above dialogue also emphasizes a growing interest in “nationalist” schools, that is, schools that manifested the desire for cultural and political independence of the Arab provinces, including Palestine. Although nationalist schools specifically for girls did not fully develop in Palestine until the British Mandate, the fact that they were mentioned already in the late Ottoman period indicated a real concern that the popularity of the Catholic and Protestant schools, especially among girls, would produce generations of Arabs who did not know Arabic and who knew little about their own cultures and history.
Educating Girls in Late Ottoman Palestine 33 The Ottoman Empire as an Educator State Given Ottoman suspicions and fears toward the foreign Christian schools, by midcentury, the Ottoman government began to take small steps toward promoting state-sponsored education. 91 Although this decree denied the millets of some of their autonomy, it also spurned the development of additional schools. In particular, these schools were established in response to the growth of the Catholic and Protestant schools and the rising fear within the non-Muslim religious communities that they would lose their young people to the missionary schools through conversion, excessive westernization, or migration.