By Sebastian Krapohl
This ebook demonstrates how the Thalidomide disaster of the Nineteen Sixties and the BSE obstacle of the Nineties resulted in regulatory regimes for prescribed drugs and foodstuffs in Europe. even though, the developmental paths of those regimes vary – and so does the potency and legitimacy of regulatory policy-making.
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Extra info for Risk Regulation in the Single Market: The Governance of Pharmaceuticals and Foodstuffs in the European Union
Example text
Public regulations have some advantages that could payoff for producers (Akerlof 1970; Sinn 2003). A regulation in itself might carry some reputation effects. Consumers might be more willing to trust products that are controlled by public regulators. Regulations might make individual investment in reputation unnecessary. Now, producers can demand higher prices from the beginning, and do not have to wait until consumers are willing to pay for the reputation. Finally, public regulations solve collective action problems.
1 Objective and subjective perceptions of risk Within the interdisciplinary literature on risk and its regulation, two concepts of risk face each other (Francis 1993: 132-9). On the one hand, scientists and economists follow an 'objective' concept of risks. On the other, psychologists and sociologists stress the 'subjective' perception of risks by individuals and society as a whole. g. Kriicken 1997). They need to be advised by scientists about the 'objective' risks of respective products. Without such scientific risk assessments, political actors would not be able to make reasonable choices in such complex matters as pharmaceutical or foodstuff regulation.
As a result, qualified majority voting was re-introduced for all measures belonging to the Single Market programme, and the so-called new approach was implemented, which led to the establishment of supranational regimes in many regulatory areas. The major consequence of the persistence of institutions and the resulting path-dependencies is that the 'specific patterns of timing and sequence matter' (Pierson 2000a: 2S1). It is not only important that critical junctures occur, but also at which stage of the development this happens.