By B. Geist
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ORGANIZATION I. State audit institutions have traditionally been classified, organizationally, into two broad groups, as based on the cameral or collegial system on the one hand, or on the administrative system on the other. In the cameral system, state audit institutions are headed by a group of auditors enjoying judicial or semijudicial status, who pass decisions on governmental accounts (in modern practice on the uses of public funds as well), similarly to an administrative tribunal or court.
A growing number of public enterprises, wholly owned or controlled by the state, or where the state at least has a majority control, are also subject to state audit in some form. Municipal and local authorities, institutes of higher learning, voluntary bodies and other organizations supported to some extent by public funds, are subject to state audit, if at all, to a limited degree. In many cases such organizations are, by the very fact of not being subject to state audit, also outside the scope of parliamentary scrutiny of their activities.
Beran, Z. Konvicka, Finanzkontrolle International Gesehen (International Secretariat of INTOSAI, Vienna: 1967). 5. See chap. 3, pp. 52-54. 6. For a description of "state control" institutions in Marxist-Socialist countries, see Szawlowski, chap. 10. 7. Normanton, op. , p. 3. 8. Laws concerning state audit usually add some reservations designed to prevent the publication of audit findings which could damage national security or international relations. 9. For a reaffirmation of these principles, see the resolutions of the triennial congresses of INTOSAI, the International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions.