By Gerald Horne
The winning 1776 riot opposed to British rule in North the USA has been hailed virtually universally as a very good leap forward for humanity. however the Africans then dwelling within the colonies overwhelmingly sided with London. during this trailblazing publication, Gerald Horne enhances his past celebrated Negro Comrades of the Crown, via exhibiting that during the prelude to 1776, the abolition of slavery appeared all yet inevitable in London, delighting Africans up to it outraged slaveholders, and sparking the colonial revolt.
In the prelude to 1776, increasingly more Africans have been becoming a member of the British army, and anti-slavery sentiments have been deepening all through Britain. And within the Caribbean, rebellious Africans have been chasing Europeans to the mainland. in contrast to their opposite numbers in London, the ecu colonists overwhelmingly linked enslaved Africans with subversion and hostility to the established order. For eu colonists, the most important hazard to safeguard in North the USA used to be a overseas invasion mixed with an rebel of the enslaved. And as 1776 approached, London-imposed abolition during the colonies used to be a really actual and dangerous possibility—a probability the founding fathers feared might deliver the slave rebellions of Jamaica and Antigua to the 13 colonies. to stop it, they went to war.
The so-called innovative conflict, Horne writes, used to be largely a counter-revolution, a conservative circulate that the founding fathers fought so that it will defend their liberty to enslave others—and which this day takes the shape of a racialized conservatism and a chronic racism focusing on the descendants of the enslaved. The Counter-Revolution of 1776 drives us to a thorough new figuring out of the normal heroic production delusion of the United States.
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A small unit within the CIA called the Technical Services Division (TSD) was charged with running the top secret program. Like Bluebird and Artichoke, MKULTRA’s existence was known only to a select few—Congress was kept completely in the dark. Most of the research for MKULTRA was conducted at mainstream institutions. Between 1953 and 1963, the CIA funded human experiments by 185 non-governmental researchers at eighty institutions, including forty-four universities and twelve hospitals. This included work at prestigious universities like Princeton, Harvard,Yale, Columbia and Stanford and at centres like the Georgetown University Hospital in Washington, DC, the Boston Psychopathic Hospital and the Mt Sinai Hospital in New York.
At first his isolation is punctuated only by beatings at the hands of violent inquisitors but over time the ‘ruffians in black’ are replaced by men in spectacles. According to Orwell: These other questioners saw to it that he was in constant slight pain, but it was not chiefly pain they relied on. They slapped his face, wrung his ears, pulled his hair, made him stand on one leg, refused him leave to urinate, shone glaring lights in his face until his eyes ran with water; but the aim of this was simply to humiliate him and destroy his power of arguing and reasoning.
Under the watchful eyes of medical professionals, students at Stead were also subjected to a lengthy course of humiliating treatment tailored to their individual vulnerabilities. According to Wyden, ‘Lies and insults about a captive’s personality, race, national origin and religion are routine starters. (Catholics have it extra rough …)’. Tortures were also sexual in scope. ‘Men who are shy about undressing may not keep their shorts on’, noted Wyden. During questioning, thirsty students who asked for water ‘get it thrown in the face’ while ‘anyone asking to go to the latrine is sure to be questioned longer than scheduled’.