By Raymond Russell
This booklet explores the waves of reforms for the reason that 1990. searching through the lens of organizational theories that expect how open or closed a gaggle can be to alter, the authors locate that much less winning kibbutzim have been so much receptive to reform, and reforms then unfold via imitation from the economically weaker kibbutzim to the strong.
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Extra resources for The Renewal of the Kibbutz: From Reform to Transformation
Example text
Although kibbutz members remained part of every Israeli government until the victory of Likud in 1977, even before this sea change in Israeli politics, as Near writes, “the years between 1954 and 1977 saw a marked decline in the influence of the kibbutz movements in the Israeli political system” (Near 1997, 256). Near attributes this political decline in part to a decline in the status of the kibbutz, as kibbutz members came to be perceived less as heroes and more as an interest group, and in part to changes in how political parties chose candidates for offices, with rural voters and party officials losing influence to urban voters.
According to Weber, direct democracy requires four conditions: (1) the organization must be small enough for the members to get to know one another and to meet face-to-face; (2) administrative tasks must be simple and stable; (3) members must be equal in skill and social standing; and (4) members must receive training before they take on administrative tasks. As long as the kvutzot and kibbutzim consisted primarily of farmers engaged in agricultural pursuits together, DEVELOPMENT OF THE KIBBUTZIM 23 these four conditions were being met.
6 percent. The number of kibbutz members 65 or more years of age, in the meantime, grew steadily in both periods. The perception that the kibbutzim were failing to appeal to the younger generation, and that they were losing many of their most promising workers, lent urgency to calls for reform. By the late 1980s, reforms were being urged by voices both outside and inside the movement. Discussions about which reforms the kibbutzim should or should not adopt quickly became ideologically charged and hotly contested, both within individual kibbutzim and in the kibbutz federations.