By James Gerald Crowther
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The surpluses were larger, and the trade for exploiting them was correspondingly more developed. The permanence of the fertility of the soil tended to make villages permanent. These circumstances favoured the growth of more complex technique, and this led to specialization. The extracting and working of metals cannot be done satisfactorily by any untrained member of a community. They require much knowledge and skill, acquired by specialization. The increasing surpluses of food provided the condition for the growth of specialization, as they could be used to feed specialists and free them from the time and labour they would otherwise have to spend on farming.
According to this, the gods owe their superiority to man to the possession of secret knowledge. Prometheus stole this secret for man, to enable him to rise to FIRE 9 a higher state. The myth is a recognition that the mastery of fire has transformed the status of man. The early observations that heat may be produced by friction and by adiabatic compression of air are highly abstract, and different from common phenomena. The modem analysis of them has provided a large part of the evidence for the dynamical theory of heat and the Jaws of thermodynamics.
This entails the construction of drainage canals and banks, and the distribution of the flood water to the plots of every member of the community. The necessary engineering construction cannot be done by individuals, and the distribution of the water cannot be made without advances in the knowledge of hydraulics, and the development of a new degree of social foresight and organization. The control of the distribution of flood waters created a new weapon of social discipline. If a farmer would not obey the rules of the society, or was obnoxious to the custodians of its traditions and therefore described by them as disrespectful to the gods, he could be instantly disciplined by the threat to cut off his water supply.