Download The Social Transformation of American Medicine: The Rise of by Paul Starr PDF

By Paul Starr

Winner of the 1983 Pulitzer Prize and the Bancroft Prize in American heritage, it is a landmark heritage of ways the complete American well-being care approach of medical professionals, hospitals, future health plans, and govt courses has advanced over the past centuries.

"The definitive social heritage of the clinical occupation in America....A huge achievement." --H. Jack Geiger, M.D., "New York occasions publication Review"

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Additional resources for The Social Transformation of American Medicine: The Rise of a Sovereign Profession and the Making of a Vast Industry

Sample text

Many Americans who already had a rationalist, activist orientation to disease refused to accept physicians as authoritative. They believed that common sense and native intelligence could deal as effectively with most problems of health and illness. Moreover, the medical profession itself had little unity and was unable to assert any collective authority over its own members, who held diverse and incompatible views. Authority, as I've indicated, involves a surrender of private judgment, and nineteenth-century Americans were not willing to make that surrender to physicians.

Besides, once people began to regard science as a superior and legitimately complex way of explaining and controlling reality, they wanted physicians' interpretations of experience regardless of whether the doctors had remedies to offer. At a time when traditional certainties were breaking down, professional authority offered a means of sorting out different conceptions of human needs and the nature and meaning of events. In the nineteenth century, many Americans, epitomized by the Populists, continued to believe in the adequacy of common sense and to resist the claims of the professions.

But when those who saw God's hand in the epidemic called for officially sponsored prayer, President Andrew Jackson rejected the proposal as unconstitutional. During a second epidemic in 1849, clerical attacks on science were more common, but religious authority no longer figured prominently in the response to a third cholera epidemic in 1866. 14 It is difficult to know what meaning individuals privately attributed to disease in the early nineteenth century. But if the domestic medical advisors are any indication, the naturalistic conception was already widely current.

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