By Judith L. Aissen (auth.)
xv NOTES at the ORTHOGRAPHY AND CITATIONS xxi record OF ABBREVIA TIONS XXIIl bankruptcy 1: GRAMMATICAL NOTES 1 1. advent 1 2. fundamentals 1 three. significant Lexical periods 2 three. 1. V three three. 2. N three three. three. A five three. three. 1. Quantifiers 6 three. three. 2. Existentials and Locatives 6 four. Minor Lexical sessions 7 four. 1. Clitics 7 four. 1. 1. Clause-proclitic 7 four. 1. 2. S-enclitic eight four. 1. three. V-enclitic eight four. 1. four. Clause-second nine four. 2. Directionals nine four. three. debris eleven five. Flagging eleven 6. be aware Order 12 7. building Survey 12 7. 1. Negation 12 thirteen 7. 2. Questions 7. three. supplement Clauses 14 sixteen 7. four. movement cum function 17 7. five. issues 7. 6. Prepredicate place 18 19 Notes bankruptcy 2: THEORETICAL cartoon 20 20 1. Arcs vii Vlll T capable OF CONTENTS 1. 1. units of Grammatical relatives 22 1. 2. Stratum 24 Ergative and Absolutive 1. three. 25 1. four. 25 Formal Connections among Arcs 2. Sponsor and Erase 26 2. 1. Successors 26 2. 2. Replacers 28 2. three. Self-Sponsor and Self-Erase 30 three. Ancestral kinfolk 31 four. Pair Networks 31 solution of Overlapping Arcs 32 five. 6. Coordinate choice 33 7. ideas and legislation 35 eight. note Order 36 nine. APG types of RG legislation 36 nine. 1. Stratal distinctiveness legislation 36 nine. 2. Chomeur legislations and influenced Chomage legislation 36 Relational Succession legislations and Host trouble legislations nine. 3.
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Again, the Sponsor relation links the pair of grammatical relations borne by Sally. It is not accidental that D erases A and E erases B. With one exception, successors erase their predecessors. I return to this below. , are neighbors. Otherwise, FOREIGN successors are involved. Cases of advancement and demotion involve local succession, while cases of ascension (raising), union, and extraction involve foreign succession. 28 CHAPTER 2 Consider the partial PN associated with 10 seems to be happy: (18) P Cho seems Jo be happy Informally, the complement 1, 10 is raised into the main clause as 1, putting the earlier 1 in chomage.
A successor erases its predecessor unless the latter has a replacer. That is, there are cases in which an arc has both a successor and a replacer. In such cases, the replacer erases the arc, and it is only in such cases that a successor fails to erase its predecessor: (23) PN Law 2 (Successor Erase Law):4 If A is B's successor and B has no replacer, then A erases B. The formulation of the Successor Erase Law guarantees for certain cases that an arc will have only one eraser. This is consistent with a further law which requires that no arc have more than a single eraser: (24) PN Law 3 (The Unique Eraser Law): If A erases Band C erases B, then A = C.
See (73)-(74) below. 4 below), and by several other predicates. s The syntax of forms suffixed with -el is problematic, though perhaps no more so than that of infinitives in other languages, which these resemble. Since I have made no systematic survey of this construction, I simply list some examples in two sets. In the first set, the object of the complement clause is cross-referenced by set A affixes on the predicate: (66) 7ak' let s- pamta -el imp A3 cense el -0 a- vex. OCK 220 A2pants Have your pants censed.