By Haleh Afshar
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Extra resources for Women, State and Ideology: Studies from Africa and Asia
Example text
The latter part of this chapter will analyse the significance of the identification of three groups of women who have been singled out as being responsible for 'indiscipline': petty traders, single women, and working women with children. These categories would appear between them to encompass most Nigerian women. Outside large shops in a few urban centres, retail trade in Nigeria is largely in the hands of traders selling small quantities of food, cloth and other consumer goods in open markets.
The Ministry of Community Development and Women's Affairs was also moved to protest. However, such protest has not prevented the Government from using its full powers again, as demonstrated by the JanuaryFebruary 1985 round-ups. The continued violation of human rights in Matabeleland also attests to an increase in the exercise of repressive power since Independence. We have argued that the campaign against 'prostitution' should be seen as being linked to those against vagrants and squatters and to the extension of the new state's control over other, impoverished and weakened groups.
This marginalisation has been intensified by the employment and trading difficulties caused by the present crisis. But the idea that single women outside marriage and therefore not controlled by a man are a potential threat to the social order is widespread in Europe, Asia and Africa. Perhaps in African societies it is intensified by a fear of women who have the potential power of witchcraft. However, in Northern Nigeria it is an assertive militant Islam which drives the campaign against single women and identifies them as prostitutes.